In particular, the incorporation of pozzolanic materials produces a C–S–H phase within the cement matrix, which further densifies the cement matrix. Several studies have aimed at incorporating various binders together with cement to prevent chemical erosion of concrete and improve chemical attack resistance. The durability of such flumes reduces because of various pollutants contained in water. In particular, reinforced concrete flumes are most commonly used in flow water, sewage, and wastewater plants. However, the durability of concrete structures in a marine condition and in wastewater treatment facilities in severe environments easily deteriorates from chemical erosion and often causes structural problems. Concrete structures have been designed and constructed to fulfill the same requirements as those of multi-functional structures. In recent years, technological development of concrete materials has enabled the design of enlarged, high-rise, and multi-functional structures and plays a pivotal role in protecting human lives and properties from various disasters. The applicability was also validated via a flexural test complying with KS. Flexural loads of all the LWGP concrete flumes with 0.05 mm crack widths were greater than 48.5 kN, as required by the KS code however, these flexural loads were lower than those of ordinary Portland cement. Higher volume and weight change ratios for all specimens immersed in MgSO 4 solution were found than those immersed in Na 2SO 4 solution under identical conditions. The LWGP5, which has a smaller particle size among LWGPs, filled the smaller pores, thereby reducing the porosity and contributing to the compressive strength gain. The applicability of the LWGP concrete flume with a 0.5 mm crack width was also evaluated based on the bending strength results. Changes in compressive strength, pore structure, weight, volume, and strength of the concrete flumes after immersion in two sulfate solutions (i.e., Na 2SO 4 and MgSO 4) for 84 and 182 days were measured for sulfate attack resistance. Two different sizes of liquid crystal display (LCD) waste glass powder (LWGP) particles were used (i.e., 5 and 12 µm) with two substitution types with cement in concrete (i.e., 10% and 20%). Open channels are used to conduct liquids in most sewer systems, sewage treatment plants, industrial waste applications, and irrigation systems.To prevent chemical erosion of concrete and improve chemical resistance, reinforced concrete flumes were manufactured, conforming to the Korean Industrial Standards (KS). And by using the structure’s associated equation or table, the flow rate can be calculated. These hydraulic structures enable flow calculation by measuring the water depth at a single point. The most practical method for Open channel flow measurement is accomplished by the use of a hydraulic structure flumes and weirs. Examples are rivers, irrigation/drainage ditches, canals, and for sanitary sewer. The second type of flow type, Open Channel, is best described as, water that flows with a “free surface” typically in a non-pressurized (atmospheric) pipe or channel. A typical example of a closed channel flow is a city potable water line that is metered with a turbine meter. Flow measurement is typically performed by inserting a mechanical meter, venture meter, magnetic meter within the pipe. A Closed Channel can be described as water flow through a completely filled pressurized pipe. There are two basic types of flow systems closed channel, and open channel. Flow measuring techniques will vary depending on the application flow type.
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